In conclusion we discuss physical mechanisms of VLF (very low frequency) and ELF (extremely low frequency) phenomena associated with sprites. Our own estimate of tendril's length at the bottom of sprite is obtained to demonstrate that the runaway breakdown can trigger the streamer formation. To analyze conditions for sprite generation, thunderstorm electric field arising just after positive cloud-to-ground stroke is compared with the thresholds for propagation of positively/negatively charged streamers and with runway breakdown. Sprite models based on streamer-like mechanism of air breakdown in the presence of atmospheric conductivity are reviewed. A sprite is a type of transient luminous event a light emission that happens as a result of the electric fields created during a strong thunderstorm. We examine the simplest versions of these theories in order to. The main goal of this review is to introduce readers to recent theories of electrodynamics processes associated with TLEs. A model in which the blue jet is treated as upward-propagating positive leader with a streamer zone/corona on the top is discussed. Transient luminous events (TLEs) occasionally observed above a strong thunderstorm system have been the subject of a great deal of research during recent years. An effect of thunderclouds charge distribution on initiation of blue jets and gigantic jets is examined. In this section we focus on a runaway breakdown field, characteristic length to increase avalanche of runaway electrons and on the role played by fast seed electrons in generation of the runaway breakdown. An alternative mechanism of air breakdown, runaway electron mechanism, is discussed. A streamer size and mobility of electrons as a function of altitude in the atmosphere are estimated on the basis of similarity law. They are rarely observed visually and not well understood. An electron impact ionization and dissociative attachment to neutrals are discussed. Large thunderstorms are capable of producing other kinds of electrical phenomena called transient luminous events (TLEs) that occur high in the atmosphere. The study is begun with the conventional mechanism for air breakdown at stratospheric and mesospheric altitudes. We examine the simplest versions of these theories in order to make their physics as transparent as possible. The image was obtained at 05:24:22. The main goal of this review is to introduce readers to recent theories of electrodynamics processes associated with TLEs. Cover Image: A massive transient luminous event termed sprite observed at mesospheric altitudes above a lightning producing Nebraska thunderstorm. Transient luminous events (TLEs) occasionally observed above a strong thunderstorm system have been the subject of a great deal of research during recent years.
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